Evolution of Playing Card Designs

Most of the card prints below have never been put online before. We hope you enjoy them as much as we do.

French deck of Heraldry (18th century). (Guest, Vol. 2)

Origin of playing cards

Evidence suggests early playing cards likely originated in China during the 12th century. These cards may have been influenced by oiled paper strips used for games in Korea. The early Chinese cards were also narrow, but more more card-like in nature, and were primarily used in Mahjong games.

Chinese cards were often categorized by symbol. As playing cards from China made their steady way to Europe, the symbols slowly evolved into the suits, which came to represent social classes, at least in Italy, Spain, and France.

In Europe, playing cards first appeared in the 1300s, with the earliest playing card decks discovered in France. France can also lay claim to starting the modern versions of playing cards. However, with Venice being a major trading center in the 1300s, it's possible that cards originally made landfall there from the East and Near East.

While modern day cards are fairly standardized, the history of card design is one of beauty and diversity. Card designs employed high degrees of craftsmanship and sophistication throughout the centuries. Beyond simply games, cards were used for education, as commemorations, relaxation, and of course entertainment.

In our research at the New York Public Library, we came across amazing 19th century collections of early playing card designs and brought some of the images online. If you'd like to see more digital copies, please send us a note.

English playing cards describing the reign of Queen Anne (R. Spofforth engraver; undated, probably early 18th century). (Guest, Vol. 3)

French playing cards teaching the art of war, or Jue de la Guerre. (Gilles Jodelet de La Boissière artist; Pierre le Pautre, engraver; 17th century). (Guest, Vol. 2)

Backs of Italian playing cards by Minchiate. (mid 18th century). (Guest, Vol. 1)

Progression and spread of playing card designs

As the 14th century progressed, playing cards began to appearing across continental Europe. As in succeeding centuries, card decks came in many sizes, counts, and compositions, but there were common elements in many decks.

In France, the common playing card decks included numbered cards, 4 face cards, and 22 tarot cards called atouts.

Examples of French Tarot Cards (likely Jean Pierre Luarent a Belfort, publisher; P. Voisin, cardmaker; 18th century). (Guest, Vol. 2)

The face cards, or courtier cards, were different versions of kings, queens, and valets (royal helper). In Germany, the Deuce was also given special treatment.

Left: English courtier examples: King, Queen, Knave (Jack). Prints from deck describing the Popish Plots of 1679 (Faithorne, 1684). (Guest, Vol. 3) Right: French courtier examples from German card deck: Dame, Valet (Roi not pictured). (Johann Christoph Albrecht, artist, Nürnberg, 1769). (Guest, Vol. 2)

By the 15th century, suits began to coalesce within countries. In Italy, suits were organized by social strata: swords for the noble classes, chalices for the Church, money for citizenry, and clubs for the peasantry.

Examples of Italian card suits (Minchiate, 17th century). (Guest, Vol. 1)

New: The Smithsonian just uploaded a massive digital collection. In it, I found some beautiful playing cards, including originals of the prints above. Check out some of the Minchiate cards below, as well as many other beautiful cards from the collection.

Compare the Minchiate cards above to the previous prints. Similarities abound. (Minchiate, 17th century). (Smithsonian)

Similarly, Spain had chalices, swords, coins and clubs as their common suits.

Examples of Spanish card suits (DeCastro, 1810). (Guest, Vol. 1)

German suits were different - cards were represented by hearts, bells, leaves, and acorns. German cards influenced decks across Central and East Europe, from Switzerland to Russia.

Left: German playing card suits. (Von der Heyden, Strassburg, 1640). (Guest, Vol. 2) Right: Russian card deck with German suits (unknown). (Guest, Vol. 1)

In France, card decks were suited with coeurs, piques, trèfles, carreaux - or hearts, spades, clubs, and diamonds. These French suits influenced a number of countries across Europe.

French card suits in comic deck - notice how the suits integrate with the illustrations! (Cartes à Rire, 19th century). (Guest, Vol. 2)

Undoubtedly, the French suit style gained an enormous advantage when they were brought to England in the 1600s. As England became a naval power over the subsequent centuries, it was these decks and these suits that became standardized in the US and around the world.

English deck with French suits (F. Olivatte, London, 1828). (Guest, Vol. 3)

Expansion

Playing cards in America came along with European settlers, representing the countries they belonged to. Evidence shows that Spanish cards made the earliest appearance in the US, but Dutch and English cards appeared soon after. In 1757, the first American playing card company, the Ford Playing Card Manufactury, was founded. American cards adopted French suits in their design, and over time popularized innovations like rounded corners (although first appeared in England) and satin finishes.

Modern day

But perhaps the biggest contribution American manufacturers made to the modern card deck were the two jokers. Jokers were originally made to be the trump cards in the game of Euchre, and were created during the Civil War. In 1867, the Russell, Morgan & Co. playing card company was formed, which soon became the United States Playing Card Company. Today, the USPCC owns popular brands like Bicycle, Aviator, Bee, and Hoyle.

Various vintage Joker designs, Etsy

Today, the common deck known worldwide consists of 52 cards across 4 French suits, plus the two Jokers.

Standard deck, Wikipedia.

Today you can find these cards in the most common games you play, like Solitaire, Rummy, and War.

Bibliography

Catherine Perry Hargrave. A History of Playing Cards and a Bibliography of Cards and Gaming. Mineola (N.Y.), Dover Publications, 2004.

Guest, Charlotte. Playing Cards of Various Ages and Countries (Selected from the Collection of Lady Charlotte Schreiber). Vol. 1–3, London, J. Murray, 1892.

Guest, Charlotte. Playing Cards of Various Ages and Countries (Selected from the Collection of Lady Charlotte Schreiber). Vol. 1–3, London, J. Murray, 1892.

Minchiate. (Tarot) Playing Cards, part of a set of Italian Minchiate playing cards, 17th century. Florence, Italy. Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum. Record IDs: chndm1909-22-4-24, chndm1909-22-4-31, chndm1909-22-4-10, chndm1909-22-4-4. Smithsonian.